In the Harvard Law Review of November 1952 Mr. John Lord O’Brian declared that, in the federal employment security system, the Anglo-Saxon presumption of innocence is shifted and for all practical purposes the burden of proof is placed upon the individual to prove beyond a reasonable doubt his loyalty and integrity.”
When Mr. O’Brian’s article was published, the report of the Canadian Royal Commission on Communist espionage had been available for six years. Describing the Canadian Official Secrets Act (which the Canadian Communists had violated) the Royal commissioners discussed burden of proof and presumption of innocence in these terms:
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